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《克罗谈期货交易策略》
Kroll on Futures Trading Strategy (Stanley Kroll, 1988)
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以下是书的引子和序:
FOREWORD
引子
In John Train’s excellent book, The Money Masters, he writes about the careers and professional methods of nine great investors. Among them are several stars whose names are well known to all of us - Warren Buffet, Benjamin Graham, T. Rowe Price, Larry Tisch, and John Templeton. There, among this “Murderers’ Row” of investors, you will also find the name of Stanley Kroll. Train describes the commodities business, where Stanley made his money, as an “impossible casino.” If this is so, Kroll has had some good runs at the gaming table, and they clearly are no accident or mere luck.
在《股市大亨》这本佳作中,作者约翰•崔恩描述了9位投资大师的生平事迹和专业技能。其中几位明星——沃伦•巴菲特,本杰明•格雷厄姆,T•洛威•普莱斯,拉里•狄许和约翰•坦普顿,他们都是我们熟悉的大师。在这些堪称“谋杀者行列”的投资者中,你也能找到斯坦利•克罗的大名。崔恩描述了斯坦利在“不可能赌场”中赚钱的期货交易。果真如此,克罗在赌桌上的确演出了几场精彩好戏,这绝非意外或纯属运气。
In the 1970s, Stanley had a three-year run during which he built $18,000 of his own money into $1 million. And he performed with equally spectacular skill for his partners. It’s best to leave the other tales of Stanley’s exploits to readers of Train’s book. Suffice it to say that they are impressive displays of guts and brains.
70年代,斯坦利有一场为时3年的演出,他将自己的18000元增值到100万元,他为他的合伙人也赚到了相同的报酬。斯坦利其它的精彩演出,读者可以从崔恩的著作一窥究竟。不用多说,这些表现明白地展现出他的胆识和智慧。
I am not a “commodities man” myself. I try to stick to the paths that I understand better, primarily equities and debt instruments. For me, reading Kroll on Futures Trading Strategy was an education. The thing that most impresses me about the book is that virtually all the major tenets of Kroll’s advice are rooted in a constant regard for discipline and common sense. In short, the best parts of his advice share the underpinnings of any good investment strategy - watch the markets carefully, do copious research, and keep a level head. As Stanley points out, hapless traders act “on the basis of emotion instead of discipline, sentiment instead of logic, and subjectivity instead of objectivity.”
我并非“期货人”。我试图坚守在自己比较了解的金融工具,主要是股票和债券。对我而言,阅读《克罗谈期货交易策略》是一种学习。令我印象最深刻的是,克罗建议中最重要的原则几乎完全根植于对纪律和常识的关注。简而言之,他更佳的建议透露出一切良好投资策略的基础——用心观察市场,深入研究,保持客观。斯坦利指出,不幸的交易者“根据情绪而非纪律,依据感觉而非逻辑,以主观而非客观行事。”
Stanley’s trading philosophy draws most of its important principles from a central core that is key to almost all investing - identify the major ongoing trend of each market and trade in the direction of the dominant trend. Most really savvy investors know that this is as much a key of making money in equities as it is in commodities. One of the reasons that Stanley is highly regarded and has done so well is that his feet are grounded in concrete and not in clay.
斯坦利的交易哲学从一个核心思想导出若干重要原则,这个核心思想几乎是所有投资行为的关键——辨别出市场的重大趋势,并且顺势交易。多数聪明的投资者都明白这个核心思想,在期货市场和股票市场获利的关键是一样的。斯坦利表现良好且受重视的原因之一,即是他脚踏实地而非浮沙建塔。
When you meet Stanley, as I have many times, you are immediately impressed by how little this expert on commodities claims to know. This is one of the greatest strengths of most real experts. They don’t get overly confident or pretend omniscience. Better to constantly assume that you don’t know enough and constantly investigate your assumptions and numbers; hence, another important Kroll tenet-play in the real world. As he puts it, “the need for a disciplined and objective approach to futures trading is a recurring theme in this book.” Realistically, it is the theme of the book.
如果你见到斯坦利,会和我见到他一样,他认为交易期货不需要了解太多的东西,你会对这个观点印象深刻。这也正是大多数真正专家最突出的优点之一。他们不会过度自信或假装什么都知道。更好是承认自己知识不足,而不断研究自己的假设和数字。斯坦利另一个重要原则是——做真实的交易。正如他所说,“期货交易所需要的纪律和客观 *** 是本书一再重复的主题。”其实,这就是本书的主题。
Reading Kroll on Futures Trading Strategy can do a little something for all investors. It will not make you into an avid commodities trader overnight, but there is solid advice for each of us. For the novice, it brings a sense, stated in plain English, of how these markets operate and what investing “systems” can work well. For the expert, the book contains plenty of details for resharpening already good steel. For the investor in general, Stanley offers a sense of what makes good investors really good - consistent hard effort on research and the discipline to put it to work participating in significant market trends. Everyone with money in any market can benefit from a healthy dose of Stanley’s advice.
阅读《克罗谈期货交易策略》一书,能使所有投资者有所收获。它不会让你一夜之间成为鲜活的期货交易者,但本书为我们提供了可靠的建议。对新手而言,书中用平铺直叙的文字告诉你市场是如何运作的,以及哪种投资“系统”能带来利润。对专家而言,本书的很多细节能让你锦上添花。对于普通投资者而言,斯坦利提出优秀投资者成功的线索——不断努力研究,并且付诸行动,以有纪律的方式顺势交易。任何投资者都可以从斯坦利的合理建议中受益。
Douglas A. McIntyre
President Publisher
FINANCIAL WORLD
New York City
May 27, 1987
道格拉斯•A•麦金太尔
总裁兼发行人
《金融世界》杂志
纽约市
1987年5月27日
PREFACE
作者序言
The fund manager from Seattle, visibly agitated, had been giving me a hard time. It was a bleak mid-November afternoon in 1985, and he had come to Port Washington to talk to me about his futures trading. As we sat in the paneled salon of my boat-cum-office-cum-residence, he painfully described how he had been whipsawed in soybeans over the past year in a succession of losing trades - despite what appeared to have been a reasonably (down) trending market. Trouble was, he had allowed himself to be influenced by news, TV reports, and trade gossip. Although he had gotten onto the right (short) side of the market at times, he invariably panicked (he called it “defensive posturing”) and closed out his good positions at nearly every countertrend rally that came along. He somehow “managed” to hang onto his losing trades during this period, which considerably worsened his already di *** al performance. His state of mind during our meeting matched his gloomy track record.
西雅图来访的基金经理人,显然情绪不安,给我带来了挑战。那是1985年11月中旬一个寒冷的下午,他来到华盛顿港,和我讨论他的期货交易。当时我们坐在既是住处又是办公室的船舱中,他痛苦地描述着,过去几年他一直在黄豆市场惨遭洗盘,造成一连串损失的经历——他竟然看不出来那是个很合理的下跌趋势。他的问题是,他让自己受到新闻、电视报导和小道消息的影响。虽然有时候他会抓对市场趋势(下跌),却始终受到惊吓(他称之为“防守”),总是在之后的行情反弹时平仓了。不知为何,他又会抱牢亏钱的仓位,使得原本表现欠佳的成绩雪上加霜。他和我谈话时所表露的心态,和他差劲的交易纪录吻合。
Having gotten his grim confession off his chest, he asked, rather testily, what my trading system had done in beans over the period. “It’s been short since June 11,” was my response. “June 11? What’s so great about that,” he managed to grumble, mentally calculating the time interval as being just five months. “June 11 of 1984,” I replied. A long silence ensued. We both knew that, having being continuously short of soybeans for the past 17 months, the profit in the position exceeded $10,000 per contract.
在一吐心中愤闷后,他不耐烦地问道,我的交易系统这段时间在黄豆市场的表现如何?我回答,“从6月11日开始,交易系统一直指示做空,”。“6月11日?那有什么了不起,”他嘟囔着,心里想这只不过是5个月的时间。我回答说,“1984年6月11日,”接着便是一段沉默。我们两人都明白,如果过去17个月持续做空黄豆,每份合约的利润会超过10000元。
Regrettably, this sort of conversation has been repeated countless times over the past 30 years, leading me to the inescapable conclusion that each trader’s worst enemy is neither the market nor the other players. It is he, himself…aided and abetted by his misguided hopes and fears, his lack of discipline to trade with the trend and to allow profits to run while limiting losses on bad positions, his boredom and inertia, his apparent need for “action,” and his lack of confidence in his own (frequently correct) *** ysis and trading decisions.
遗憾的是,过去30年来,这类谈话一直重复不断,我得下结论说,任何一位交易者更大的敌人绝不是市场或其他玩家,而是他自己。他们的缺点表现在:受到妄想的鼓舞,受到恐惧的教唆,没有顺势交易,不会“截住损失,让利润奔跑”,感到无聊,坏习惯,冲动交易,对自己(经常是正确的)分析和交易决策缺乏信心。
Someone once said that the surest way to make a *** all fortune in futures trading is to start with a large fortune. Unfortunately, there is considerable truth in that bit of cynical logic. Clearly, the losers outnumber the winners by a substantial margin. So what is it that continues to attract an increasing number of investors to this game? For me, it is the knowledge-confirmed by nearly 30 years of personal experience - that the futures market is clearly the best way for an investor to have the opportunity to parlay a modest initial stake into a substantial fortune. For a trade firm or financial institution the futures markets present a means of laying off (hedging) financial risks and, in fact, having the potential to make a profit on dealings that would otherwise be a sure loss. Countless family fortunes and international mercantile empires had their humble beginnings in canny and profitable commodity dealings.
有人曾经说,要想在期货交易上赚到一笔财富,最确定的 *** 是先要拥有一大笔财富。不幸的事是,这种愤世嫉俗式的逻辑却隐含着普遍的真理。很明显,输家比赢家多得多。既然如此,为什么这个游戏仍然能吸引一批又一批投资者?根据我近30年来的经验,我认为期货市场显然对投资者而言,诱惑就是一开始就有机会以一小笔赌本赢到巨大财富。对贸易商和金融机构而言,期货市场则提供了一种对冲财务风险的 *** ,而且还能够在交易中获利,相反,也会亏损。无数家族的财富以及国际商业王国都是以精明且获利十足的期货交易起家的。
But surely it takes far more than desire and wishful thinking for the operator to break into the winners circle. To be successful, an investor must be practical and objective, pragmatic and disciplined, and, above all, independent and confident in his *** ysis and market strategy. One maxim, which has consistently guided me during scores of trading campaigns, comes from Jesse Livermore, perhaps the most successful lone market operator during the first half of this century: “There is only one side of the market, and it is not the bull side or bear side, but the right side.”
交易者要想进入赢家行列,光有欲望和一厢情愿的想法是肯定不行的。要想成功,投资者必须实际而且客观,务实而且守纪律,更重要的是,要独立,并对自己独到的分析和市场策略满怀信心。在无数次的交易中,始终指引我的一句名言即来自于杰西•利弗莫尔,他或许是本世纪头50年间最成功的独立交易者。他表示:“市场只有一个方向,不是多头,也不是空头,而是做对的方向。”
I’ve spent my entire professional career as a practitioner in quest of speculative profits. But I still consider myself both student and practitioner for, in reality, you never stop learning about markets, price trends, and trading strategy. After all these years, I’m still concerned with the quest for profits - no, for substantial profits - from the markets. Considering the tremendous financial risks involved, the emotional strain, and the feelings of loneliness, isolation, self-doubt, and, at times, sheer terror which are the futures operator’s almost constant companions, you shouldn’t be content with merely making “profits.” Substantial profits must be your goal.
我一生以追求投机利润作为我的专业生涯。但我还是认定自己即是学生又是专业交易者,毕竟在现实里,你必须坚持研究市场、价格趋势和交易策略。经历这些年,我仍关心从市场上获取利润——不,是获取暴利。但在衡量巨大的财务风险、紧张、孤独、孤立、疑虑、甚至莫名的恐惧,当然这几乎都是期货交易者的经常伴侣,你不应该只以“利润”为满足,暴利必须成为你的目标。
That is what this book is all about. It’s about the strategy and the tactics of seeking substantial profits from the markets. It’s about getting aboard a significant trend near its inception and riding it to as near to its conclusion as humanly possible. It is about making more on your winning trades and losing less on your losers. It is about pyramiding your winning positions to maximize profits while keeping losses under control.
这就是本书所要谈的。本书内容涉及从市场赚取暴利的策略以及战术。本书要谈的是如何在市场即将发动大行情之际上车,并且力所能及地稳坐到行情结束。本书内容也包括教你如何在赚钱的交易赚得更多,在亏钱的交易亏得更少。本书也会告诉你在赚钱的仓位中以金字塔方式加仓以追求更大利润并控制好亏损。
It is my belief, confirmed in the real world of tens of thousands of trades made by hundreds of traders, that viable money management strategy and tactics are as important to an overall profitable operation as a first-class trading system or technique.
我相信,已经有几百个交易者通过成千上万次的交易实战确认了,有效的资金管理策略和战术,与一流的交易系统或技术一样重要。
And, although I would ideally prefer to have both, my priority would be for the best in strategy and tactics. You will do better, in my option, with first-class strategy and tactics and a mediocre trading system than the reverse. A significant portion of this book will be concerned with elaborating on that premise because I consider first-class strategy and tactics as the linchpin of any successful trading campaign.
另外,对于上面所说的,虽然理想上我希望二者兼备,但我会首选一流的策略和战术,辅以普通的交易系统。我认为,如果运用一流的策略和战术,辅以普通的交易系统,结果会比你运用一流的交易系统,辅以普通的策略和战术要好。本书大部分内容会详细说明这个结论,因为我认为一流的策略和战术是一切成功交易的关键。
One final word before you embark on this book. Readers may write to me, in care of the publisher, about any aspects of this book they would like to discuss further. I will respond to the best of my ability and time availability.
在阅读本书之前,还要提醒一点。读者可以写信给我,请出版商转交,我愿意进一步和读者讨论书中的任何问题。我会尽已所能并抓紧时间回复。(张轶注:克罗在1999年去世了。)
Stanley Kroll
斯坦利•克罗
1、基础修炼:约翰默菲,《期货市场技术分析》;《日本蜡烛图》
2、进阶修炼:《以交易为主》,《股票作手回忆录》,《专业投机原理》
3、高级修炼:此阶段适合在市场已摸爬滚打一年以上者,有成功有失败。《十年一梦》,《股票作手回忆录》,注意此处再次阅读股票作手这本书,有不同的感触
4、灵魂修炼:《心经》《道德经》
说的比较抽象,可能不太适合你说的做金属的初衷,但这是一个有5年交易经历人士的忠告,感谢采纳!
一、先学习,后行动一些新手常犯的错误,就是在进入市场时不知道他们要干什么,他们对市场不甚了解,他们从不肯花点时间观察一下市场是如何运作的,然后再拿他们的钱去冒险。通常人们做一件事情,总要先观察,后行动。如果你要学跳舞,你就得先看看人家是怎样跳的,然后你再去试一下。交易员应该认真地审视他们的交易系统的每一个细节。要明白这个系统可能出现的错误,或可能成功的各种方式。这一受教育的过程应该包括确定你的交易动机、策略、如何执行交易、交易频率和交易成本。在交易的内容和交易的 *** 上,也要考虑你自己的个性特点。动机是十分重要的。一些成功的交易者所以能在期货市场中长期坚持下来,是因为他们喜欢交易。他们不让赚大钱的欲望搅乱他们的交易决断。一些成功的期货交易者认为,一心想赚大钱不是期货交易的好动机。如果使用交易预测系统进行交易,就应该对交易预测系统进行反复的测试,以便确定有多大的赔钱的概率。他们必须知道他们在 *** 论上的优势,工作习惯上的优势以及专业化方面的优势。假如他们无法知道这些优势,他们将冒极大的风险。
二、要及时减少损失遭到亏损时要当机立断,中止交易,减少损失;当你的交易头寸得到盈利时,就让它进一步增长。这是一个古老的信条,很多交易员重复这个信条。很多新手常犯的毛病是赔钱的头寸抓住不放,他们幻想市场会逆转。当他们的头寸一得到盈利时过早出市。他们过于急切地得到初步的盈利,而失去了使盈利进一步增长的机会,他们生怕已经到手的利润跑掉。成功的交易员总是利用少量赚钱的交易来补偿一些小额的亏损,新手的通常心理趋势是一有盈利就赶快出市,见好就收,而不是让利润继续增长。为了扩大盈利,期货界的新手要学会克制满足于小额利润的欲望。
三、循规守纪至关重要一些使用反复测试过的交易分析系统的、循规守纪的交易者总是赚钱的。那些缺乏行为准则的人往往不能坚持一贯的交易行为,在交易过程中三心二意、朝令夕改,缺乏一惯性,会把所有的盈利机会毁掉。一些好的交易系统的优势需要恒心来体现,如果对一种交易系统和交易计划随意改动或放弃某个交易系统时,也许这正是这个交易系统要赚钱的转折点,因此保持一种一贯的交易和行为是十分重要的。
四、对交易过程全神贯注有经验的交易者都强调,应该关注交易的全过程,而不是是否赚钱。这听起来有点矛盾。一些著名的交易者认为,在期货交易中赔钱是不可避免的,亏损是交易过程不可避免的组成部分。那些注意力集中在赚钱上的交易者很可能是要赔钱的,他们无法对付那种投资过程中难以避免的起伏。他们赚钱时就情绪昂扬,赔钱时就垂头丧气,甚至惊慌失措。期货交易过程中情绪忽高忽低不是好现象,必须心平气和地把注意力集中在交易的全过程。期货交易员地乐趣预测市场的走向,无法预知市场会发生什么变化,但是他们可以控制交易过程。实际上他们能控制的也就是交易过程。期货市场新手的更大问题是关注赚钱和赔钱,而不是交易过程。一些老交易者说,如果你怕赔钱,你还搞什么交易?你做10次、15次或20次交易,肯定其中有一次是赔钱交易。
五、知道什么时候出市交易者应该知道在什么时候应该把头寸抽出市场,不管他们使用什么系统,他们都知道在什么时候必须出市,这有助于交易中摆脱三心二意的做法,坚持某个系统,这样也可以减少亏损。可以设置一个止损指令,以便减少亏损。市场不一定同意你入市的时机,市场对你什么时候出市也不感兴趣,市场总是按自身的规律在运转。你必须按照市场的运转规律来设置止损指令。考虑到有时候当你的交易头寸出现亏损时,正是发生转机的时刻,因此不能把止损指令规定得太死,下达止损指令时,要考虑到市场的动荡性。指令应以市场的某个指标为依据,比如,市场价的某个平均数,通常是某个阶段的更低价位。有些交易设立止损指令十分随意,根本不考虑市场的运转方式,这样他们很可能要赔钱。规定出市指令的依据如果是某个金额的话,往往是减少了赔钱的金额,但是增加了赔钱的交易次数。如果你把止损指令规定得太死,你可能会有一系列的赔钱交易。什么时候退出一项交易,中止某笔交易头寸,有一条根据是“避免希望交易”,希望交易就是当出现亏损时,希望市场逆转。
六、管理好你的资金资深的交易者建议规定一个准备冒风险的资金百分比。这种可以承受风险的资金百分比可以是7%或10%,永远也不要改变这个百分比,保持持之以恒的投资组合的风险百分比是十分重要的一条准则。有些新手认为一两笔交易就可以赚一大笔钱,是骗他们自己,这正是专业交易者和业余交易者的一大区别。对自己的资金规定一个要冒风险的百分比,可以在连续亏损的情况下缩小交易规模,保持资本,限制其亏损的程度。由于交易的合约数量减少,资金的抽出也可以有个限度,这样就可以做到交易规模同资本的规模相一致。有些新手遇到头寸亏损时,常常会经不起一种诱惑,用更大的资本来冒险,盼望扭转亏损局面,越是冒更大的险,亏损也越大。
七、与趋势为伍“趋势是你的朋友”这是一些老的期货交易者不断重复的一句话。这也是期货交易的一条必由之路。成功的交易者认为,重要的不是去预测市场的走向和起伏,而是跟着趋势走。很多交易者都建议跟着市场发展的趋势走,换句话说,也就是随市场的大流走,跟着这个趋势行动,直到这一趋势结束,一些有经验的期货交易者的忠告:永远不要对市场说三道四,发表某种意见,市场发展的大势就是你的朋友,你随着趋势去交易,让市场告诉你应该朝哪个方向走。一位著名的期货交易者曾经说过,当市场形成大的趋势时,正是赚钱的时候,当市场往岔道发展时,你是赚不了大钱的。
八、在交易上不要感情用事有经验的交易者告诫,不要用感情来交易,保持心态的平衡是十分关键的,在做多个品种期货交易时这一点尤其重要。职业交易者强调:要记住,市场不是个人的行为。他们认为,赔钱的交易往往是由于感情用事造成的,一些新手常常忘掉了一切,用感情去交易,他们必然因此而反反复复,缺乏一惯性,而且无法清醒地考虑问题。开发一种交易 *** 并加以坚持十分重要,如果 *** 行之有效,纪律和耐心就是赚钱的关键。交易新手容易感情冲动,好的交易员不是这样的。不要坚持认为某个头寸是正确的,并认为市场错了,市场总是正确的,市场同你的意见和头寸无关。
九、想一想谁在赔钱一些有名望的交易者安排他们交易的一个很有意思的 *** 是想一想,你打算从谁那里赚钱。每一个进入市场的人显然都是想赚钱的,但是不可能大家都赚钱,总有人在赔钱。有赚的就有赔的,有赔的就有赚的。期货交易老手认为,应该知道你要从谁那里得到盈利,如果你买入,并认为这是对的,那么卖出的一头也认为他是对的,人们要从判断错误的人那里赚钱,一些趋势交易者,或大势交易者通常是套期保值来赚钱的,因为套期保值者通常是在市场上升时卖出,市场下跌时买入。
十、永远保持谦卑的姿态那些自以为比市场上所有其他人都聪明的人,认为自己总是幸运者,他们这种看法不会长期保持下去的。在市场面前应该谦卑一点,否则市场会让你知道这种态度会出问题,市场会让你变得谦卑的,这是一位很有名的交易者说的话。一些传统的观点通常是错误的,当你认为你掌握的信息十分了不起、十分有价值时,说不定人家也早已掌握了这些信息。
克罗均线。斯坦利克罗的均线流交易法,以及鳄鱼交易法等 *** ,就是离散做多,粘合止盈或止损,越简单的系统越有效。克罗均线,是由美国著名的期货专家斯坦利·克罗提出的移动均线交易系统。 斯坦利克罗日交易系统用克罗均线过滤后效果更好。均线是将每天的收盘价加权平均,从而得到一条带有趋势性的轨迹。
一个完整的交易系统,都可以划分为三大块:技法(技术分析)、战法(资金管理)、心法(心理控制能力)三大要件。1、技法:符合买卖标准的技术法则。也就是我们经常说的对市场信号的判断标准。 2、战法:资金战术部署,买卖仓位控制纪律。一个好的资金管理策略往往是交易成败的关键,《克罗谈期货交易策略》中明确指出:一流的策略和战术是成功交易的关键。3、心法:买卖持仓过程中的自我心理控制能力。做期货交易最重要的是自制力,绝大部分的亏损交易都是因为毫无节制的乱开仓导致的,修炼心法是一个成功交易者必经之路。交易系统就是建立头寸、持有、了结头寸的规则。
技术分析可分为四大派别:图表派、指标派、数字派、波浪派。图表派简单、直观、能反映交易者的心理变化过程,是行为金融研究的一个补充。指标派充分使用概率统计工具,把最可能涨和跌的历史数据运用到当前,用起来简单。但是数字指标在横盘市道中往往错误信号比较多。波浪派的缺点则是可能性太多。同一段行情,如果起点不同,可以有无数种数浪方式。各种技术分析派别各有所长,能够结合起来取长补短才是关键。
对于技术分析的作用,笔者更愿意理解为“技术分析是我们交易的行为准则”。技术分析是帮助我们寻找市场的交易信号,当某只个股或者某个期货品种出现符合我们交易模式的信号时接下来才是我们根据资金策略来实施交易计划。我们可以对各种特殊意义的技术形态经行归类及总结。例如:连续上涨过后的期货品种若出现“高位放量穿头破脚”大阴线,则短期调整概率比较大,当市场出现这种可交易型“技术形态”时我们进场参与放空获利的概率就较大。
对于技术分析判断市场信号中我们要尽量做到:1、简单原则。用一套简单、精确而且高效的行为模式去描述市场,才能不被表面的大量随机因素所蒙蔽。 最简单的往往是更好用的。2、对无谓信号过渡优化。似是而非,可有可无的交易应该尽量不要参与。期货交易往往会有做多错多的怪圈存在,去除一些可有可无的交易信号,提高获利的成功率。3、捕捉规律性:交易者本人自身所总结出来的一套完整的交易思想、理念,包含了“开多、平多、开空、平空”这四类完整循环交易信号的准确定位。
在投资过程中我们不断的交易实践,慢慢就会形成自己的一套模式,这就是我们的交易系统。虽然这种交易系统很多东西不能量化但是他们评定机理及形成机理大致相同。投资如修禅,吾将上下而求索。
望采纳,谢谢!
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